In a study where the same participants are tested at multiple head angles, which design is used?

In a study where the same participants are tested at multiple head angles, which design is used?

• A. Between-subjects design
• B. Within-subjects design
• C. Factorial design
• D. Cross-sectional design

Answer: (B)

Within-subjects (repeated-measures) design is when the same participants experience every condition of the independent variable. In this study, the same individuals are tested at multiple head angles, so comparisons are made within the same people rather than between different groups. This design controls for individual differences and often provides greater statistical power because each person serves as their own control. It’s different from a between-subjects design, where different participants would be assigned to each angle condition. A factorial design would involve examining more than one independent variable at once, and a cross-sectional design compares different groups at a single time point rather than repeated measurements on the same individuals.

Within-subjects (repeated-measures) design is when the same participants experience every condition of the independent variable. In this study, the same individuals are tested at multiple head angles, so comparisons are made within the same people rather than between different groups. This design controls for individual differences and often provides greater statistical power because each person serves as their own control. It’s different from a between-subjects design, where different participants would be assigned to each angle condition. A factorial design would involve examining more than one independent variable at once, and a cross-sectional design compares different groups at a single time point rather than repeated measurements on the same individuals.